Emission of pollution from pig farms and their impact on shallow groundwater

Abstract

<p>Cilj ovog rada bio je da se determini&scaron;e stepen kontaminacije podzemne vode prve izdani,&nbsp;odnosno vode za piće na lokacijama svinjogojskih farmi, koje koriste tehnologiju tečnog&nbsp;izđubrivanja i za skladi&scaron;tenje otpadnih voda zemljane lagune bez hidroizolacije.&nbsp;U cilju praćenja parametara u plitkim podzemnim vodama i nivoa podzemnih voda (NPV)&nbsp;izbu&scaron;eno je 10 pijezometara na tri farme, dok su parametri vode za piće praćeni iz bu&scaron;enih&nbsp;bunara.</p><p>Ispitivanje plitke podzemne vode se fokusiralo na praćenje fizičko-hemijskih parametara koje&nbsp;karakteri&scaron;u otpadne vode sa svinjskih farmi, zatim na organske, suspendovane i suve materije&nbsp;kao i na neorganske i organske ksenobiotike.&nbsp;</p><p>Rezultati ispitivanja kvaliteta otpadnih voda pre iposle sistema laguna sugeri&scaron;u na efikasno&nbsp;preči&scaron;ćavanje voda u lagunama pod prirodnim uslovima. Prolaskom otpadne vode kroz sistem&nbsp;laguna dolazi do redukovanja količine ukupne suve materije (53,2-65,4%), suspendovane&nbsp;materije (94,2-96,6%), taložive materije (97,8-99,5%), hemijske potro&scaron;nje kiseonika (HPK)&nbsp;(81,8-87,5%), biohemijske potro&scaron;nje kiseonika (BPK)(78,2-90,8%), sulfida (S^2-) (40,1-69,0%), fenola isparljivog vodenom parom (82,1-96,1%), ukupnog P (25,6-48,4%), ukupnog&nbsp;N (46,6-50,7%), organskog N &nbsp;po Kjeldalu (ONK) (52,1-62,0%), NH₄⁺-N (24,4-40,7%), NO₃^--N (28,7-53,2%), Cu (67,3-85,1%), Zn (76,0-89,8%), Co (40,8-44,9%), Cr (27,0-35,7%), Mn (53,6-86,6%), Fe (53,3-72,1%). Takođe, rezultati dokazuju da su se tokom prirodnog preči&scaron;ćavanja metali, kao najznačajnija grupa neorganskih ksenobiotika, istaložili u sedimentu na dnu laguna ili su se vezali za čvrste čestice stajnjaka prilikom procesa separacije.</p><p>Ovo može biti pretnja akumulacije te&scaron;kih metala u zemlji&scaron;tu, ukoliko se čvrsti stajnjaka, sediment iz laguna i otpadna voda neadekvat koristeza fertirigaciju zemlji&scaron;ta. Tokom istraživanja su dokazane velike varijacije koncentracije parametara plitke podzemne vode na lokacijama farmi. Koncentracije NH₄⁺-N u vodi referentnih pijezometara su se kretale između 0,02-1,59 mg/l, dok su u pijezometrima poredlaguna na jednoj farmi izmerene količine i do 52,6 mg/l. Takođe, količina ukupnog Nu referentnim pijezometrima je bila između 0,16-22,4 mg/l, dok u pijezometrima pored izvora kontaminacije koncentracija je dostigla i 105,5 mg/l. Korelacije između električneprovodljivosti (Ep) i Cl^-, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, K⁺, odnosno između ukupnog N i NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N i ONK, zatim raznih metala u plitkim podzemnim vodama ukazuju na njihovo zajedničko poreklo iz otpadnih voda farmi.</p><p>Za vreme istraživanja detektovano je 223 organskih jedinjenja u plitkim podzemnim vodama&nbsp;na farmama sa različitom frekvencijom pojavljivanja. Najče&scaron;će su detektovana jedinjenja koja&nbsp;se koriste kao plastifikatori, zatim komponente sredstava za ličnu higijenu i komponente u&nbsp;kozmetičkim preparatima, polutanti iz proizvodnje guma, boja i lakova, zagađujuće materije&nbsp;iz naftnih derivata, policiklični aromatični ugljovodonici (PAH), komponente iz konzervansa&nbsp;u dermatolo&scaron;kim i farmaceutskim proizvodima. Samo su povremeno detektovani organski&nbsp;ksenobiotici koji potiču iz sredstava za dezinfekciju, lekova ili pesticida, a retko su&nbsp;identifikovani i metaboliti nastali usled degradacije pesticida.&nbsp;</p><p>Na osnovu napred navedenog može se zaključiti da izvor većine organskih ksenobiotika&nbsp;različitih struktura i njihovih metabolita u plitkim podzemnim vodama nije &nbsp;stočna farma.&nbsp;&Scaron;irenje zagađenja na ispitivanim farmama je lokalnog karaktera.</p><p>Takođe, dobijeni rezultati jasno pokazuju da za vreme istraživanja nije do&scaron;lo do degradacije kvaliteta pijaće vode u dubljim slojevima zemlje i da koncentracije ni jednog parametara vode za piće nisu pokazale značajnu varijaciju u ispitivanom periodu. Ovo se obja&scaron;njava prisustvom sloja gline debljine 4-6 m između lagunai zone kaptiranja pijaće vode. Budući da je voda u neprestanom kruženju, zbog čega polutanti detektovani u ovom radu u plitkim podzemnim vodama mogu dospeti i u izvore vode za piće u dubljim slojevima zemlje, dalja istraživanja na ovom polju su od krucijalnog značaja.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Тhe objective of this study was to determine the degree of contamination of the shallow&nbsp;groundwater and the quality of drinking water, on the locations of pig farms which are&nbsp;employing liquid manure cleaning systems, in lagoons without hydroisolation for storing&nbsp;wastewaters.</p><p>For the purpose of monitoring the quality of shallow groundwater and its level, ten&nbsp;<br />piezometers were installed on three pig farms, whereas the quality of drinking water was&nbsp;followed using samples from the local wells.</p><p>The investigation of shallow groundwater was focused on monitoring of physico-chemical&nbsp;parameters characterizing pig farms waste water, then on the organic, suspended and dry&nbsp;matter, as well as inorganic and organic xenobiotics.&nbsp;</p><p>Results of waste water quality investigations before and after the lagoon system suggest the&nbsp;efficient purification of water in lagoons under natural conditions. Waste water by transiting&nbsp;through lagoon system reduces the amount of total dry matter (53.2-65.4%), suspended matter&nbsp;(94.2-96.6%), settled matter (97.8-99.5%), &nbsp;chemicaloxygen demand (COD) (81.8-87.5%),&nbsp;biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (78.2-90.8%), sulfides (S^2-) (40.1-69.0%), phenols&nbsp;volatile with water vapor (82.1-96.1%), total P (25.6-48.4%), total N (46.6-50.7%), organic N&nbsp;by Kjeldahl (ONK) (52.1-62.0%), NH₄⁺-N (24.4-40.7%), NO₃^--N (28.7-53.2%), Cu (67.3-85.1%), Zn (76.0-89.8%), Co (40.8-44.9%), Cr (27.0-35.7%), Mn (53.6-86.6%), Fe (53.3-72.1%). The results also show that during natural purification metals as the most significant&nbsp;group &nbsp;of inorganic xenobiotics, settle in sediment&nbsp; in the bed of the lagoons or adsorbed to&nbsp;<br />solid particles of manure during separation process. This may cause a threat by &nbsp;accumulation&nbsp;of heavy metals to soil, in case the solid manure,&nbsp; sludge from lagoons &nbsp;and waste water are&nbsp;inadequately used for soil fertilization.</p><p>During the investigation large variations in the parameters concentration of shallow&nbsp;groundwater on the locations of the farms are proven. The concentrations of NH₄⁺-N in water&nbsp;of the reference piezometers ranged between 0.02 and 1.59 mg/l, while in the piezometers&nbsp;closed to the lagoons on one farm they were up to 52.6 mg/l. Also, the content of total N in&nbsp;the reference piezometers was between 0.16 and 22.4mg/l, while in the piezometers close to&nbsp;the source of contamination it reached 105.5 mg/l.&nbsp; The correlations between electrical&nbsp;conductivity (EC) and Cl^-, SO₄^2-, Na⁺, K⁺, between total N and NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N, and ONK&nbsp;and various metals in the shallow groundwater, indicate their common origin from farm waste&nbsp;waters.</p><p>During the investigation 223 organic compounds was&nbsp; detected in shallow roundwater on&nbsp;farms with different frequencies of appearance. Mostly detected are compounds used as&nbsp;plasticizers, then components of substances for personal hygiene and components in cosmetic&nbsp;preparations, pollutants from rubber, paints and varnishes production, pollutants from fuel&nbsp;derivatives, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), components from preserving agents in&nbsp;dermatological and pharmaceutical products. Organicxenobiotics originating from&nbsp;disinfectant, pharmaceuticals or pesticides are only occasionally detected and rarely identified&nbsp;are metabolites resulting from the degradation of pesticides.</p><p>Based on the foregoing it can be concluded that thesource of the most organic xenobiotics of&nbsp;different structures and their metabolites in shallow groundwater is not pig farm. Pollution&nbsp;spreading on investigated farms is of a local character.</p><p>Also, obtained results clearly indicate that there&nbsp; was no degradation of the quality of the&nbsp;drinking water in the deeper layers of soil, and none of the drinking water quality parameters&nbsp;showed significant variation during the investigation period. This is explained by the presence&nbsp;of 4-6 m thick clay layer between the lagoon and the drinking water aquifer.</p><p>Since water is constantly cycling, causing pollutants detected in this research in shallow&nbsp;groundwater reaching drinking water sources in the&nbsp; deeper layers as well, further research in&nbsp;this area is of crucial importance.</p>