Special finite elements: Theoretical background and application

Abstract

Special finite elements (FEs) are used for modeling of certain phenomena in structural behavior. The term special denotes FEs with specific characteristics (stiffness parameters, behavior under load, etc.) and a specific role in modeling, which is their main difference from common FEs. There are many types of special FE, but the following are often used: so-called nonlinear spring FE, gap FE and link FE. Various examples will show many advances in the application of these FE, especially in modeling of boundary and interface conditions. Theoretical background is given only in the amount necessary for proper understanding of numerical aspects of the application of special FEs.