Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://open.uns.ac.rs/handle/123456789/30318
Title: Diverzitet mikoriznih gljiva topola (Populus spp.)
Diversity of mycorrhizal fungi of poplars (Populus spp.)
Authors: Katanić Marina 
Keywords: mikoriza, gljive, topole, diverzitet, mikobioindikacija;mycorrhiza, fungi, poplars, diversity, mycobioindication
Issue Date: 9-Jan-2014
Publisher: Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences at Novi Sad
Abstract: <p>Micelijum mikoriznih gljiva povezuje &scaron;umsko drveće, prizemnu vegetaciju, dekompozitore, te organske i neorganske&nbsp;resurse u &scaron;umskom tlu čime utiče na održivost, produktivnost i vitalnost &scaron;ume.&nbsp; Struktura zajednice mikoriznih gljiva&nbsp;se menja u zavisnosti od razvojnih faza &scaron;ume, različitih &scaron;umskih stani&scaron;ta i pod uticajem &nbsp;različitih stresogenih faktora.&nbsp;S obzirom da su funkcionalna kompatibilnost i otpornost &nbsp;na stres mikorizne zajednice species specifični, identifikacija&nbsp;ektomikoriznih&nbsp; tipova&nbsp; je&nbsp; neophodan&nbsp; preduslov&nbsp; za&nbsp; proučavanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; stresa,&nbsp; fiziologije&nbsp; &scaron;umskog&nbsp; drveća&nbsp; i,&nbsp; uop&scaron;te,&nbsp;procesa koji se odigravaju u &scaron;umskom ekosistemu. Po&scaron;to se uticaji različitih prirodnih i antropogenih faktora stresa&nbsp;odražavaju na ektomikorizne korene, metod&nbsp; miko-bioindikacije&nbsp; je pogodan za ocenjivanje stanja u životnoj sredini.&nbsp;Cilj istraživanja je bio da se kori&scaron;ćenjem&nbsp; morfolo&scaron;ko-anatomskih i&nbsp; molekularnih&nbsp; metoda identifikuju i opi&scaron;u tipovi&nbsp;ektomikoriznih gljiva na topolama sa različitih lokalitetima i da se izračunaju i uporede indeksi diverziteta. Odabrana&nbsp;su četiri lokaliteta sa topolama: na lokalitetu &ldquo;Rasadnik&rdquo; topole su bile sađene, klonskog porekla i multiplikovane u&nbsp;kulturi tkiva; &ldquo;Koviljski rit&rdquo; je predstavljao prirodno stani&scaron;te autohtone bele topola; lokalitet &ldquo;Timok&rdquo; je bio zagađen&nbsp;piritnom jalovinom, sadržao te&scaron;ke metale i imao nizak pH, dok je lokalitet &ldquo;Antella&rdquo; predstavljao ogledno polje na&nbsp;kome&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; klonu&nbsp; osetljivom&nbsp; na&nbsp; ozon&nbsp; ispitivan&nbsp; uticaj&nbsp; povi&scaron;ene&nbsp; koncentracije&nbsp; ozona. &nbsp;Poređenjem &nbsp;strukture&nbsp;ektomikoriznih&nbsp; zajednica,&nbsp; izračunatih&nbsp; indeksa&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; i&nbsp; kolonizacije&nbsp; korena&nbsp; ektomikoriznim,&nbsp; arbuskularno&nbsp;mikoriznim i tamnim septiranim endofitskim gljivama na odabranim lokalitetima ispitan je uticaj stani&scaron;nih uslova na&nbsp;diverzitet ektomikoriznih gljiva i kolonizaciju korena mikoriznim i endofitskim gljivama. ECM tipovi zabeleženi na&nbsp;istraživanim lokalitetima su klasifikovani prema eksploracionim tipovima, sa naglaskom na dejstvo ekstemnih uslova&nbsp;(te&scaron;ki&nbsp; metali i ozon)&nbsp; na diverzitet ECM&nbsp; zajednice&nbsp; i na zastupljenost eksploracionih tipova. Na&nbsp; taj način je ispitana&nbsp;mogućnost primene diverziteta ektomikoriznih gljiva topola u svrhu miko-bioindikacije. Prilikom analize diverziteta&nbsp;ektomikoriznih gljiva topola na lokalitetima: &bdquo;Rasadnik&ldquo;, &bdquo;Koviljski rit&ldquo;, &bdquo;Timok&ldquo; i &bdquo;Antella&ldquo; zabeleženo je ukupno&nbsp;49 ektomikoriznih tipova, pri čemu je do vrste identifikovano 23 ektomikorizna tipa, do roda 17, do familije 4, do&nbsp;reda 3, dok je 2 tipa ostalo nepoznato. Većina tipova je identifikovana isključivo molekularnim metodama, budući da&nbsp;morfolo&scaron;ko-anatomski&nbsp; opisi&nbsp; za&nbsp; ektomikorize&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; gljiva&nbsp; ne&nbsp; postoje&nbsp; u&nbsp; literaturi.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; lokalitetu&nbsp; &bdquo;Rasadnik&rdquo;&nbsp; je&nbsp;tokom četiri godi&scaron;nja doba zabeleženo ukupno 30 ektomikoriznih tipova, od kojih je najveći&nbsp;&nbsp; broj zabeležen u zimu&nbsp;(22), zatim u proleće (19), dok je najmanje tipova nađeno u jesen i u leto (17). Između godi&scaron;njih doba nisu nađene&nbsp;statistički&nbsp; značajne&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; vrednostima&nbsp; indeksa&nbsp; diverziteta.&nbsp; U&nbsp; &bdquo;Koviljskom&nbsp; ritu&rdquo;,&nbsp; stani&scaron;tu&nbsp; autohtone&nbsp; bele&nbsp; topole,&nbsp;zabeleženo&nbsp; je&nbsp; ukupno&nbsp; 20&nbsp; ektomikoriznih&nbsp; tipova,&nbsp; 15&nbsp; u&nbsp; jesen&nbsp; i&nbsp; 16&nbsp; u&nbsp; proleće.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; lokalitetima&nbsp; na&nbsp; kojima&nbsp; su&nbsp; vladali&nbsp;ekstremni&nbsp; uslovi,&nbsp; broj&nbsp; ektomikoriznih&nbsp; tipova&nbsp; je&nbsp; bio&nbsp; znatno&nbsp; manji&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; na&nbsp; lokalitetu&nbsp; &bdquo;Timok&rdquo;,&nbsp; zagađenom&nbsp; piritnom&nbsp;jalovinom&nbsp; zabeležena&nbsp; su&nbsp; 4&nbsp; ektomikorizna&nbsp; tipa,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je&nbsp; u&nbsp; &bdquo;Antelli&rdquo;,&nbsp; lokalitetu&nbsp; sa&nbsp; povi&scaron;enom&nbsp; koncentracijom&nbsp; ozona,&nbsp;ukupno nađeno 9 ektomikoriznih tipova (8 u tretmanu sa antiozonatorom i 6 u tretmanu sa vodom). &nbsp;Na&nbsp; sva četiri&nbsp;analizirana lokaliteta grupa Basidiomycota je dominirala u odnosu na Ascomycota. Na svim analiziranim lokalitetima&nbsp;ektomikoriznom&nbsp; zajednicom&nbsp; je&nbsp; dominirao&nbsp; manji&nbsp; broj&nbsp; ektomikoriznih&nbsp; gljiva,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; su&nbsp; ostale&nbsp; bile &nbsp; prisutne&nbsp; u&nbsp; znatno&nbsp;manjem&nbsp; broju.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; ispitivanim&nbsp; lokalitetima&nbsp; u&nbsp; Srbiji&nbsp; su&nbsp; generalno&nbsp; najzastupljeniji&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrstama&nbsp; najbogatiji&nbsp; bili&nbsp; rodovi&nbsp;Inocybe, Tomentella&nbsp; i&nbsp; Tuber, dok je na&nbsp; lokalitetu&nbsp; &ldquo;Antella&rdquo; u Italiji rod&nbsp; Tomentella&nbsp; imao najvi&scaron;e predstavnika. Na&nbsp;lokalitetu&nbsp; &bdquo;Timok&ldquo;ektomikorizna gljiva Thelephora terrestris je bila veoma brojna i česta, pa bi stoga ovaj soj mogao&nbsp;da posluži kao polazna osnova za izradu inokuluma za po&scaron;umljavanje ovoga i sličnih, o&scaron;tećenih ili zagađenih stani&scaron;ta.&nbsp;<br />Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; ukupne&nbsp; zastupljenosti&nbsp; eksploracioninih&nbsp; tipova&nbsp; na&nbsp; analiziranim&nbsp; lokalitetima&nbsp; moglo&nbsp; bi&nbsp; se&nbsp; zaključiti&nbsp; da&nbsp; je&nbsp;velika&nbsp; zastupljenost&nbsp; eksploracionog&nbsp; tipa&nbsp; kratkih&nbsp; distanci&nbsp; u&nbsp; vezi&nbsp; sa&nbsp; povoljnijim&nbsp; uslovima&nbsp; koji&nbsp; vladaju&nbsp; na &nbsp;lokalitetu &nbsp;&ldquo;Rasadnik&rdquo;,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je&nbsp; na&nbsp; &ldquo;Timoku&rdquo;&nbsp; dominacija&nbsp; eksploracionog&nbsp; tipa&nbsp; srednjih&nbsp; distanci&nbsp; sa&nbsp; resama&nbsp; uslovljena&nbsp; visokim&nbsp;sadržajem&nbsp; te&scaron;kih&nbsp; metala&nbsp; i&nbsp; su&scaron;nim&nbsp; uslovima&nbsp; u&nbsp; zemlj&scaron;tu.&nbsp; Zastupljenost&nbsp; eksploracionih&nbsp; tipova&nbsp; u&nbsp; &bdquo;Antelli&rdquo;&nbsp; ukazuje&nbsp; na&nbsp;sposobnost&nbsp; antiozonatora&nbsp; da&nbsp; ublaži&nbsp; nepovoljne&nbsp; efekte&nbsp; povi&scaron;ene&nbsp; koncentracije&nbsp; ozona&nbsp; u&nbsp; vazduhu&nbsp; na&nbsp; zajednicu&nbsp;ektomikoriznih&nbsp; gljiva.&nbsp; Naseljenost&nbsp; korena&nbsp; topola&nbsp; arbuskularno&nbsp; mikoriznim&nbsp; gljivama&nbsp; je&nbsp; bila&nbsp; najveća&nbsp; na&nbsp; lokalitetu &bdquo;Antella&rdquo;&nbsp; gde&nbsp; su&nbsp; biljke&nbsp; bile&nbsp; najmlađe,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; na&nbsp; &bdquo;Timoku&rdquo;&nbsp; uop&scaron;te&nbsp; nisu&nbsp; zabeležene&nbsp; arbuskularno-mikorizne&nbsp; gljivne strukture. Naseljenost korena topola ektomikoriznim gljivama je bila &nbsp;veoma ujednačena na analiziranim lokalitetima, dok su tamne septirane endofitske gljive naseljavale korene topola u manjoj meri. &nbsp;Poredeći podatke sa analiziranih lokaliteta, na kojima su vladali različiti uslovi, moglo bi se zaključiti da bi u cilju mikobioindikacije najpogodnije bilo koristiti&nbsp; broj&nbsp; ektomikoriznih&nbsp; tipova,&nbsp; indeks&nbsp; bogatstva&nbsp; vrsta&nbsp; i&nbsp; Shannon&nbsp; Wiever -ov&nbsp; indeks.&nbsp; S&nbsp; obzirom&nbsp; na&nbsp; vezu&nbsp; koja postoji između eksploracionih tipova i njihovih ekolo&scaron;kih uloga, zastupljenost eksploracionih tipova na analiziranim lokalitetima bi mogla, takođe, da bude dobar pokazatelj uslova koji vladaju na stani&scaron;tu.</p>
<p>Mycelium&nbsp; of&nbsp; mycorrhizal&nbsp; fungi&nbsp; that&nbsp; links&nbsp; forest&nbsp; trees,&nbsp; ground&nbsp; vegetation, &nbsp; decomposers,&nbsp; and&nbsp; different&nbsp; organic&nbsp; and&nbsp;anorganic&nbsp; resources&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; forest&nbsp; floor&nbsp; affects&nbsp; the&nbsp; sustainability,&nbsp; productivity&nbsp; and&nbsp; vitality&nbsp; of&nbsp; forests.&nbsp; Community&nbsp;structure of &nbsp;mycorrhizal fungi varies with developmental stage of the forest, different forest habitats and various stress&nbsp;factors.&nbsp; Since&nbsp; the&nbsp; functional&nbsp; compatibility&nbsp; and&nbsp; stress&nbsp; tolerance&nbsp; of&nbsp; mycorrhizal&nbsp; association&nbsp; are&nbsp; species&nbsp; specific,&nbsp;identification of ectomycorrhizal types is a necessary prerequisite in studying the stress impact, physiology of forest&nbsp;trees and, in general, the processes that take place in the forest ecosystem. Since various natural and anthropogenic&nbsp;stress&nbsp; factors&nbsp; have&nbsp; impact&nbsp; on&nbsp; mycorrhizal&nbsp; roots,&nbsp; myco-bioindication&nbsp; method&nbsp; is&nbsp; suitable&nbsp; for&nbsp; estimation&nbsp; of&nbsp;environmental condition. The aim of the study was to describe and identify ectomycorrhizal types on poplars from&nbsp;different&nbsp; sites&nbsp; using&nbsp; morphological&nbsp; -&nbsp; anatomical&nbsp; and&nbsp; molecular&nbsp; methods&nbsp; and&nbsp; to&nbsp; calculate&nbsp; and&nbsp; compare&nbsp; diversity&nbsp;<br />indices.&nbsp; Four&nbsp; sites&nbsp; with&nbsp; poplars&nbsp; were&nbsp; selected:&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; locality&nbsp; &quot;Rasadnik&quot;&nbsp; poplars&nbsp; were&nbsp; planted,&nbsp; clonal&nbsp; origin&nbsp; and&nbsp;multiplied&nbsp; in&nbsp; vitro;&nbsp; &quot;Koviljski&nbsp; rit&quot;&nbsp; was&nbsp; a&nbsp; natural&nbsp; habitat&nbsp; of&nbsp; autochthonous&nbsp; white&nbsp; poplar;&nbsp; the&nbsp; locality&nbsp; &quot;Timok&quot;&nbsp; was&nbsp;contaminated with pyrite&nbsp; tailings containing heavy metals and had a low pH, while the locality &quot;Antella&rdquo; represented&nbsp;an experimental field where the impact of elevated concentrations of ozone was studied on the ozone -sensitive clone.&nbsp;The influence of site conditions on the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi and root colonization with mycorrhizal and&nbsp;endophytic fungi was studied comparing the structure of ectomycorrhizal communities, calculated diversity indices&nbsp;and&nbsp; root&nbsp; colonization&nbsp; with&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal,&nbsp; arbuscular&nbsp; mycorrhizal&nbsp; and&nbsp; root&nbsp; endophytic&nbsp; fungi&nbsp; at&nbsp; selected&nbsp; sites.&nbsp;Recorded&nbsp; ECM&nbsp; types&nbsp; from&nbsp; studied&nbsp; sites&nbsp; were&nbsp; classified&nbsp; according&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; types,&nbsp; with&nbsp; emphasis&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp;effect of extreme conditions (heavy metals and ozone) on the diversity of ECM fungi and abundance of &nbsp;ex ploration&nbsp;types. In this way&nbsp; was studied possibile use of diversity of ectomycorrhizal types in myco -bioindication purposes.&nbsp;Analyzing diversity of ectomycorrhizal types on sites &quot;Rasadnik&quot;, &quot;Koviljski rit&quot;, &quot;Timok&quot; and &quot;Antella&quot;, a total of 49&nbsp;ectomycorrhizal types were recorded, from that 23 ectomycorrhizal types were identified to the species level, 17 to the&nbsp;genus&nbsp; level,&nbsp; 4&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; family,&nbsp; 3&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; ordo&nbsp; and&nbsp; 2&nbsp; types&nbsp; remains&nbsp; unknown.&nbsp; Most&nbsp; types&nbsp; were&nbsp; identified&nbsp; only&nbsp; with&nbsp;molecular methods, since morphological and anatomical descriptions of ectomycorrhyza of these fungi did not exist in&nbsp;the literature.&nbsp; In the locality &quot;Rasadnik&quot; during four seasons, a total of 30 ectomycorrhizal types were recorded, from&nbsp;which the highest number was recorded in the winter (22), then in the spring (19), while the lowest &nbsp;number of types&nbsp;was found in the autumn and the summer (17). Between seasons, no statistically significant differences were found in&nbsp;the diversity indices. In &quot;Koviljski rit&ldquo; a total of 20 ectomycorrhizal types&nbsp;&nbsp; were found, 15 in the autumn and 16 in the&nbsp;spring.&nbsp; In&nbsp; locations&nbsp; where&nbsp; prevailed&nbsp; extreme&nbsp; conditions,&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; types&nbsp; was&nbsp; much&nbsp; lower&nbsp; &ndash;&nbsp; in&nbsp;locality&nbsp; &quot;Timok&quot;&nbsp; contaminated&nbsp; with&nbsp; pyrite&nbsp; tailings&nbsp; 4&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; types&nbsp; were&nbsp; recorded,&nbsp; while&nbsp; in&nbsp; &quot;Ant ella,&quot;&nbsp; site&nbsp;with&nbsp; elevated&nbsp; concentrations&nbsp; of&nbsp; ozone,&nbsp; 9&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; types&nbsp; were&nbsp; found&nbsp; in&nbsp; total&nbsp; (8&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; with&nbsp;antiozonant&nbsp; and&nbsp; 6&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; treatment&nbsp; with&nbsp; water).&nbsp; On&nbsp; all&nbsp; four&nbsp; analyzed&nbsp; sites&nbsp; group&nbsp; Basidiomycota&nbsp; dominated&nbsp; over&nbsp;Ascomycota.&nbsp; In&nbsp; all&nbsp; analyzed&nbsp; localities&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; community&nbsp; was&nbsp; dominated&nbsp; by&nbsp; a&nbsp; small&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp;ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; types,&nbsp; while&nbsp; other&nbsp; types&nbsp; were&nbsp; present&nbsp; in&nbsp; much&nbsp; lower&nbsp; number.&nbsp; In&nbsp; the&nbsp; studied&nbsp; localities&nbsp; in&nbsp; Serbia,&nbsp;genera Inocybe, Tomentella and Tuber were the most abundant and species rich, while in the locality &quot;Antella&quot; in Italy&nbsp;genus Tomentella&nbsp; had the most representatives. In the locality &quot;Timok&quot; ectomycorrhizal &nbsp;fungus&nbsp; Thelephora terrestris&nbsp;was&nbsp; very&nbsp; abundant&nbsp; and&nbsp; frequent,&nbsp; and&nbsp; therefore&nbsp; could&nbsp; be&nbsp; used&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; basis&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; development&nbsp; of&nbsp; inoculum&nbsp; for&nbsp;afforestation of this and similar, damaged or contaminated habitats.&nbsp; Based on the overall abundance &nbsp;of exploration&nbsp;types on studies sites could be concluded that the abundance of short distance exploration types is in relation to the&nbsp;favorable soil coditions prevailing in &quot;Rasadnik&quot;, while on site &quot;Timok&quot; domination of medium distance exploration&nbsp;types with fringes was caused by high concentration of heavy metals and drought &nbsp;conditions in the soil. Abundance of exploration&nbsp; types&nbsp; on&nbsp; site&nbsp; &quot;Antella&quot;&nbsp; indicated&nbsp; ability&nbsp; of&nbsp; antiozonant&nbsp; to&nbsp; mitigate&nbsp; negative&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp; elevated&nbsp; ozone concentration&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; air&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; community&nbsp; of&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; fungi.&nbsp; Colonization&nbsp; of&nbsp; poplar&nbsp; roots&nbsp; with&nbsp; arbuscular mycorrhizal&nbsp; fungi&nbsp; was&nbsp; highest&nbsp; at&nbsp; the&nbsp; site&nbsp; &quot;Antella&quot;&nbsp; where&nbsp; the&nbsp; plants&nbsp; were&nbsp; joungest,&nbsp; while&nbsp; at&nbsp; the&nbsp; site&nbsp; &quot;Timok&quot;&nbsp; no arbuscular&nbsp; mycorrhizal&nbsp; structures&nbsp; were&nbsp; recorded.&nbsp; Roots&#39;&nbsp; colonization&nbsp; rate&nbsp; with&nbsp; ectomycorrhizal&nbsp; fungi&nbsp;&nbsp; was&nbsp; very similar&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; analyzed&nbsp; sites,&nbsp; while&nbsp; the&nbsp; dark&nbsp; septated&nbsp; endophytic&nbsp; fungi&nbsp; inhabited&nbsp; poplar s&nbsp; roots&nbsp; to&nbsp; a&nbsp; lesser&nbsp; extent. Comparing&nbsp; data&nbsp; from&nbsp; studied&nbsp; localities,&nbsp; governed&nbsp; by&nbsp; different&nbsp; conditions,&nbsp; it&nbsp; can&nbsp; be&nbsp; concluded&nbsp; that&nbsp; most&nbsp; suitable parameters for myco-bioindication purpose would be: number of ectomycorrhizal types, species richness index and Shannon&nbsp; Wiever&nbsp; index.&nbsp; Given&nbsp; the&nbsp; relationship&nbsp; that&nbsp; exists&nbsp; between&nbsp; exploration&nbsp; types&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; ecological&nbsp; roles, abundance of exploration types at analyzed sites could also be a good indicator of the conditions prevailing on the site.&nbsp;</p>
URI: https://open.uns.ac.rs/handle/123456789/30318
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