Connecting the dots: Bridging genetic and spatial differentiation of the genus Eumerus (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Mediterranean Basin and Balkans

Abstract

© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH In this study, we explored intraspecific genetic differentiation of hoverfly species of the genus Eumerus with regard to landscape discontinuities (due to paleogeological events), isolation-by-distance, evolutionary processes, and Quaternary climatic oscillations. We unveil genetically diverging regions and discuss the potential driving forces that gave rise to these spatial genetic patterns. We generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcodes for 274 individuals of nine Eumerus species, sampled from 58 localities in the Mediterranean and Balkans. Spatially explicit Bayesian clustering, correlation tests between geographic and genetic distances (presence of isolation-by-distance), median neighbor-joining haplotype networks, and landscape shape interpolation analyses were employed to investigate spatial genetic patterns. Bayesian clustering generated one to three genetic clusters with high posterior probability values. We also observed high mtDNA haplotype diversity consisting of unique and shared haplotypes, as well as starlike mtDNA haplotype patterns. The mtDNA haplotype network was consistent with species distributions and Bayesian clustering for four tested species. The Mantel tests confirmed the absence of isolation-by-distance in seven species. We identified genetically diverging areas through our landscape shape interpolation analyses. Five species displayed neither spatial genetic patterns nor evidence of isolation-by-distance, indicative of relict taxa. Our study is the first broad- and large-scale study of Eumerus species in the Mediterranean and Balkans; it reveals spatial genetic clusters in four species and identifies the potential factors driving those patterns.